had introduced a preliminary conclusion by saying ‘finally’ (to loipon, cf. 4:8) and exhorting the Philippians to rejoice (chairete). Thus, it is only to be expected that this same concern should arise here. And just as in 3:1 he explicitly reinforced his prior exhortations to joy (1:25; 2:18, 28f.; cf. p. 180), so here he doubly underlines that previous encouragement as standing at the very heart of his message for them. (The occasional suggestion that chairete here might mean ‘farewell’ rather